stated that Sudan must be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain

Following independence from the United Kingdom, Sultan Fuad I assumed the title of King of Egypt; despite being nominally independent, the Kingdom was still under British military occupation and the UK still had great influence on the state. British infantry near El Alamein, 17 July 1942 The newest government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 predicated on a parliamentary system. The nationalist Wafd Party won a landslide victory in the 1923–1924 election and Saad Zaghloul was appointed as the new Prime Minister. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded and British troops withdrew from Egypt, aside from the Suez Canal. The treaty didn't resolve the question of Sudan, which, beneath the terms of the prevailing Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899, stated that Sudan must be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain, but with real power remaining in British hands. ---

--- Britain used Egypt as a base for Allied operations through the entire region, especially the battles in North Africa against Italy and Germany. Its highest priorities were control of the Eastern Mediterranean, and especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia. The us government of Egypt, and the Egyptian population, played a small role in the Second World War. When the war began in September 1939, Egypt declared martial law and broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. It didn't declare war on Germany, however the Prime Minister associated Egypt with the British war effort. It broke diplomatic relations with Italy in 1940, but never declared war, even when the Italian army invaded Egypt. King Farouk took practically a simple position, which accorded with elite opinion on the list of Egyptians. The Egyptian army did no fighting. It was apathetic in regards to the war, with the leading officers looking on the British as occupiers and sometimes holding some private sympathy with the Axis. In June 1940 the King dismissed Prime Minister Aly Maher, who got on poorly with the British. A new coalition Government was formed with the Independent Hassan Pasha Sabri as Prime Minister. Adhering to a ministerial crisis in February 1942, the ambassador Sir Miles Lampson, pressed Farouk to have a Wafd or Wafd-coalition government replace Hussein Sirri Pasha's government. On the nights 4 February 1942, British troops and tanks surrounded Abdeen Palace in Cairo and Lampson presented Farouk having an ultimatum. Farouk capitulated, and Nahhas formed a government shortly thereafter. However, the humiliation meted out to Farouk, and what of the Wafd in cooperating with the British and taking power, lost support for both British and the Wafd among both civilians and, most importantly, the Egyptian military. Most British troops were withdrawn to the Suez Canal area in 1947 (although the British army maintained a military base in the area), but nationalist, anti-British feelings continued to develop following the War. Anti-monarchy sentiments further increased following disastrous performance of the Kingdom in the First Arab-Israeli War. The 1950 election saw a landslide victory of the nationalist Wafd Party and the King was forced to appoint Mostafa El-Nahas as new Prime Minister. In 1951 Egypt unilaterally withdrew from the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 and ordered all remaining British troops to leave the Suez Canal. Because the British refused to leave their base across the Suez Canal, the Egyptian government take off the water and refused to allow food in to the Suez Canal base, announced a boycott of British goods, forbade Egyptian workers from entering the bottom and sponsored guerrilla attacks, turning the location across the Suez Canal in to a low level war zone. On 24 January 1952, Egyptian guerrillas staged a fierce attack on the British forces across the Suez Canal, during which the Egyptian Auxiliary Police were observed helping the guerrillas. In response, on 25 January, General George Erskine sent out British tanks and infantry to surround the auxiliary police station in Ismailia and gave the policemen an hour to surrender their arms on the grounds the authorities were arming the guerrillas. The police commander called the Interior Minister, Fouad Serageddin, Nahas's right-hand man, who was smoking cigars in his bath at the time, to ask if he should surrender or fight. ---

--- Serageddin ordered the authorities to fight "to the past man and the past bullet ".The resulting battle saw the authorities station levelled and 43 Egyptian policemen killed together with 3 British soldiers. The Ismailia incident outraged Egypt. A day later, 26 January 1952 was "Black Saturday", while the anti-British riot was known, that saw a lot of downtown Cairo which the Khedive Ismail the Magnificent had rebuilt in the type of Paris, burned down. Farouk blamed the Wafd for the Black Saturday riot, and dismissed Nahas as prime minister the following day. He was replaced by Aly Maher Pasha.[55] On July 22–23, 1952, the Free Officers Movement, led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, launched a coup d'état (Egyptian Revolution of 1952) contrary to the king. Farouk I abdicated the throne to his son Fouad II, who was, at the time, an eight month old baby. The Royal Family left Egypt some days later and the Council of Regency, led by Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim was formed, The council, however, held only nominal authority and the real power was really in the hands of the Revolutionary Command Council, led by Naguib and Nasser. Popular expectations for immediate reforms led to the workers'riots in Kafr Dawar on 12 August 1952, which led to two death sentences. Adhering to a brief experiment with civilian rule, the Free Officers abrogated the monarchy and the 1923 constitution and declared Egypt a republic on 18 June 1953. Naguib was proclaimed as president, while Nasser was appointed as the new Prime Minister.